Tagged: git

Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 3 commits or dangling commits

- by admin

Once upon a time, namely today, I run
# git status

and to my big surprise I have got:
# On branch master
# Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 3 commits.
#
nothing to commit (working directory clean)

Actually I have not done any commits in this local master branch - only pulls from remote. So, next I did
git fsck --no-reflogs

which helped me to get so called ‘dangling commits’ - commits that are under no particular branch:
git fsck --no-reflogs
dangling commit be6b64ba93d9e292b2aeec0a9d3c5209ee83c96f
dangling commit 3229271230d1315924ddd99c5962247d3c3f103b
dangling commit 95c0a7b1611ad0c4c101ff1fa1504d622fa1d2c3

What is exactly in the dangling commit? To get it I run:
git show be6b64ba93d9e292b2aeec0a9d3c5209ee83c96f

Next question: how to delete these dangling commits?

The answer is: wait :-)

Once your reflog entries are expired, those objects will then also be cleaned up by
git gc

Expiry settings are in gc.pruneexpire, gc.reflogexpire and gc.reflogexpireunreachable.

GIT: How to use stash

- by admin

Git features The Stash, which is as much as a good place to store uncommitted changes. When you stash you changes, the will be stored, and your working copy will be reverted to HEAD (the last commit revision) of your code.

When you restore your stash, you changes are reapplied and you continue working on your code.

Stash your current changes
$ git stash save 
Saved "WIP on master: f12345..."

List current stashes

Yes, you can have more than one!! The stash works like a stack. Every time you save a new stash, it's put on top of the stack.
$ git stash list
stash@{0}: WIP on master: f12345..."

Note the stash@{0} part? That's your stash ID, you'll need it to restore it later on. Let's do that now. The stash ID changes with every stash you make. stash@{0} refers to the last stash you made.

Apply a stash
$ git stash apply stash@{0}

You may notice the stash is still there after you have applied it. You can drop it if you don't need it any more.
$ git stash drop stash@{0}

Or, because the stash acts like a stack, you can pop off the last stash you saved:
$ git stash pop

If you want to wipe all your stashes away, run the 'clear' command:
$ git stash clear

It may very well be that you don't use stashes that often. If you just want to quickly stash your changes to restore them later, you can leave out the stash ID.
$ git stash
...
$ git stash pop

Git Cheat Sheet

- by admin

Configuration


identify yourself to git: email and your name

git config --global user.name "John Smith"

git config --global user.email "abc@mail.com"

To view all options:

git config --list

OR

cat .git/config

Set up aliases


git config --global alias.co checkout

View your configuration


cat .gitconfig

To ignore whitespace (Ruby is whitespace insensitive)


git config --global apply.whitespace nowarn

Some nice aliases:

gb = git branch
gba = git branch -a
gc = git commit -v
gd = git diff | mate
gl = git pull
gp = git push
gst = git status

Start using git


git init

Ignoring files


Add a file in the root directory called .gitignore and add some files to it: (comments begin with hash)

*.log db/schema.rb db/schema.sql

Git automatically ignores empty directories. If you want to have a log/ directory, but want to ignore all the files in it, add the following lines to the root .gitignore: (lines beginning with ‘!’ are exceptions)

log/*
!.gitignore

Then add an empty .gitignore in the empty directory:

touch log/.gitignore

Scheduling the addition of all files to the next commit


git add .

Checking the status of your repository


git status

Committing files


git commit -m "First import"

Seeing what files have been committed


git ls-files

Scheduling deletion of a file


git rm [file name]

Committing all changes in a repository


git commit -a

Scheduling the addition of an individual file to the next commit


git add [file name]

Viewing the difference as you commit


git commit -v

Commit and type the message on the command line


git commit -m "This is the message describing the commit"

Commit and automatically get any other changes


git commit -a

A “normal” commit command


git commit -a -v

Viewing a log of your commits


git log

Viewing a log of your commits with a graph to show the changes


git log --stat

Viewing a log with pagination


git log -v

Visualizing git changes


gitk --all

Creating a new tag and pushing it to the remote branch


git tag "v1.3"
git push --tags

Creating a new branch


git branch [name of your new branch]

Pushing the branch to a remote repository


git push origin [new-remote]

Pulling a new branch from a remote repository


git fetch origin [remote-branch]:[new-local-branch]

Viewing branches


git branch

Viewing a list of all existing branches


git branch -a

Switching to another branch


The state of your file system will change after executing this command.

git checkout [name of the branch you want to switch to]

OR

git co [name of the branch you want to switch to]

Making sure changes on master appear in your branch


git rebase master

Merging a branch back into the master branch


First, switch back to the master branch:

git co master

Check to see what changes you’re about to merge together, compare the two branches:

git diff master xyz

If you’re in a branch that’s not the xyz branch and want to merge the xyz branch into it:

git merge xyz

Reverting changes to before said merge


git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD

Resolving conflicts


Remove the markings, add the file, then commit.

Creating a branch (and switching to the new branch) in one line


git checkout -b [name of new branch]

Creating a stash (like a clipboard) of changes to allow you to switch branches without committing


git stash save "Put a message here to remind you of what you're saving to the clipboard"

Switching from the current branch to another


git co [branch you want to switch to]

Do whatever
Then switch back to the stashed branch

git co [the stashed branch]

Viewing a list of stashes


git stash list

Loading back the stash


git stash apply

Now you can continue to work where you were previously.

Deleting a branch (that has been merged back at some point)


git branch -d [name of branch you want to delete]

Deleting an unmerged branch


git branch -D [name of branch you want to delete]

Deleting a stash


git stash clear

Setting up a repository for use on a remote server


Copy up your repository. e.g.:

scp -r my_project deploy@yourbox.com:my_project

Move your files on the remote server to /var/git/my_project
For security make the owner of this project git
On the repository server:

sudo chown -R git:git my_project

Then (for security) restrict the “deploy” user to doing git-related things in /etc/passwd with a git-shell.

Checking out a git repository from a remote to your local storage


git clone git@yourbox.com:/var/git/my_project

Viewing extra info about a remote repository


cat .git/config

By virtue of having cloned the remote repository, your local repository becomes the slave and will track and synchronize with the remote master branch.

Updating a local branch from the remote server


git pull

Downloading a copy of an entire repository (e.g. laptop) without merging into your local branch


git fetch laptop

Merging two local branches (ie. your local xyz branch with your local master branch)USE MERGE


git merge laptop/xyz

This merged the (already copied laptop repository’s xyz branch) with the current branch you’re sitting in.

Viewing metadata about a remote repository


git remote show laptop

Pushing a committed local change from one local branch to another remote branch


git push laptop xyz

Creating a tracking branch (i.e. to link a local branch to a remote branch)


git branch --track local_branch remote_branch

You do not need to specify the local branch if you are already sitting in it.

git pull

Note: You can track(link) different local branches to different remote machines. For example, you can track your friend’s “upgrade” branch with your “bobs_upgrade” branch, and simultaneously you can track the origin’s “master” branch (of your main webserver) with your local “master” branch.

By convention, ‘origin’ is the local name given to the remote centralized server which is the waySVN is usually set up on a remote server.

Seeing which local branches are tracking a remote branch


git remote show origin

Working with a remote Subversion repository (but with git locally)


git-svn clone [http location of an svn repository]

Now you can work with the checked out directory as though it was a git repository. (cuz it is)

Pushing (committing) changes to a remote Subversion repository


git-svn dcommit

Updating a local git repository from a remote Subversion repository


git-svn rebase

NOTE: make sure you have your perl bindings to your local svn installation.

I screwed up, how do I reset my checkout?


git checkout -f

How to copy / paste text in gitk

- by admin

Problem:

How to copy / paste text from git?

Text select and Ctrl-C + Ctrl-V does not paste the copied text. And there is no Edit / Copy / Paste menu item.

Solution:

gitk supports the normal X clipboard, thus

  1. 1. Select text, Ctrl-C to copy.

  2. 2. Paste text into X terminal window used to start gitk ! It does paste here.

  3. 3. Next do copy / paste again to any of your editor / tool.


Voila !

Git: Push and Delete Remote Branches

- by admin

You can push the branch up to a remote very simply:
git push origin newfeature

Where origin is your remote name and newfeature is the name of the branch you want to push up.

Deleting is also a pretty simple task:
git push origin :newfeature

That will delete the newfeature branch on the origin remote, but you’ll still need to delete the branch locally with git branch -d newfeature.

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